八年级英语

新目标英语八年级上语法知识讲解（一）

语法聚焦

一般现在时 The Simple Present Tense

一般现在时表示现在的状态

He is twelve. 他十二岁。

They are at home. 他们在家。

表示经常性或习惯性的动作

I go to school at seven every day.

He plays soccer on Sundays.

表示主语具备的性格和能力等

She likes apples.

They speak Japanese.

She is medium build.

肯定式

I am a cleaner.

You are right.

He / She / It is here.

We / You / They are outgoing

否定式

I am not a…

You are not…

He / She / It is not…

We / You / They are not…

否定式和疑问式

We go to school at seven every day.

We don’t go to school at seven.

Do you go to school at seven?

Yes, we do.（No, we don’t.）

否定式和疑问式

He goes to school at seven every day.

He doesn’t go to school at seven.

Does he go to school at seven?

Yes, he does.(No, he doesn’t.)

一般现在时常和表示时间频度的副词连用。

如：

often, usually, sometimes, always, never, hardly ever等。

1. I often read books in the evening

2. Do they usually go to school by bike?

3. He doesn’t like milk. He never drinks it.

4. Sometimes my mother gets back at five.

一般现在时常和以下时间表达法连用。

如：

in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at noon, at night,every day,on Sunday(s), at seven 等。

Do they have math in the morning?

She sleeps nine hours every night.

It takes me two hours to do my homework every day.

They don’t have classes on Sundays.

动词第三人称单数的构成：

1、直接加--s

look—looks read—reads

play—plays stop—stops

2. 在字母s, x,ch,sh,o后加--es

miss—misses fix—fixes

watch—watches wash—washes

go—goes do--does

3. 辅音字母加y结尾的动词去y为i，再加--es

carry – carries study – studies

hurry – hurries cry – cries

4.特殊的

have -- has

新目标英语八年级上语法知识讲解（二）

语法聚焦

看病需要和医生交流，这是英语口语中必不可少的内容。从医生询问病情，病人诉说病情，到医生检查、诊断和医嘱，这些环节最常用的语句，同学们必须掌握。

一、医生询问病情的常用语句：

1. What's wrong/the matter (with you)? 你怎么了？

What's your trouble, young man? 年轻人, 你哪里不舒服?

When did it start? 从何时开始生病的？

2. How are you (feeling) now? 你现在觉得怎么样?

Are you feeling better today? 你今天好些了吗?

3. Have you got a headache/a cough? 你头痛/咳嗽吗?

4. When did you feel unwell? 你什么时候觉得不舒服的?

5. When did the pain start? 疼痛何时开始的?

6. Did you sleep well? 你睡得好吗?

Do you feel tired? 你觉得疲劳吗?

7. How long have you been like this? 你像这样有多久了?

8. Did you eat anything for breakfast? 你早饭吃了什么没有?

二、病人诉说病情的常用语句：

1. I don't feel very well. / I'm not feeling well. 我感到不舒服。

2. I have (got) a headache. 我头痛。

I have a sore throat. 我嗓子痛。

I have a backache. / I have a pain in my back. 我后背痛。

There's something wrong with my leg. 我的腿有毛病了。

3. I feel terrible. 我感到很难受。

I feel even worse. 我感到情况更糟了.

4. I don't feel like eating anything. 我什么都不想吃.

5. I dream too much. 我的梦特别多.

I can't fall / be asleep in the evening. 晚上我睡不着.

6. It began two days ago. 两天前开始的.

7. I don't feel any better now. 我感觉没有什么好转.

8. I had noodles for lunch today. 今天午饭我吃的是面条.

三、医生检查、诊断和治疗的常用语句:

1. Open your mouth and say "Ah---'. 张嘴说 "啊---- ".

2. Let me take your temperature. 让我给你量量体温.

3. There's nothing much wrong / serious with you. 你没什么大问题.

4. You have got a bad cold. 你患了重感冒.

5. You have to be in hospital. 你得住院.

6. You'd better stay in bed for a few days. 你最好卧床几天.

You'd better not eat too much sugar. 你最好别吃太多的糖.

Eat less food and take more exercise. If you do that, you'll feel much healthier.

少吃些,多锻炼,不久你的身体就会健康得多.

Drink more water. 多喝水.

You should drink a lot of water. 你应该多喝水。

Have a good rest. 好好休息.

7. Take one of these pills twice a day. 这些药每次服一片,每天两次.

Take the medicine after meals. 饭后服药.

8. You'll soon be all right. 你很快就会康复的.

I hope you feel better soon. 我希望你很快就会好起来。

Try to relax before you go to sleep. 睡觉前尽量放松一下。

新目标英语八年级上语法知识讲解（三）

语法聚焦

一、用现在进行时表示将要发生的动作，例如：

1. What are you doing for vacation? 你假期准备干什么？

I'm visiting my grandmother. 我准备去看我的奶奶。

When are you going? 你想什么时候去？

What's she doing for vacation? 她假期准备干什么？

She is going camping. 她打算去野营。

What are they doing for vacation? 他们假期准备干什么？

They are relaxing at home. 他们打算在家里放松一下。

2.还有一些动词的现在进行时形式表示将要发生的动作：

leave, come, stay，hike等。

例如：

1) My father is leaving for Shanghai next week.

我父亲下周要动身去上海。

2) A: Mary! Supper is ready. 玛丽！晚饭好了。

B: I'm coming, mum. 妈妈，我马上就来。

3) A: What are you doing for vacation? 你假期准备干什么？

B: I'm going hiking in the mountains. 我准备去山里远足。

4) I'm staying home to do my homework next Sunday.

下个星期天我准备待在家里做作业。

二、课文注释

1. go fishing 去钓鱼

同样的用法还有：

go shopping 去购物

新目标英语八年级上语法知识讲解（四）

语法聚焦

1. It takes sb. some time to do sth.花费某人某些时间去做某事； 例如：

It took the people a lot of time to get to the mountain.

人们花了很多时间才到了那座大山。

It takes me twenty minutes to get to school on foot every morning.

每天早晨我步行到学校要花费二十分钟。

It will take three hours to finish the work.

完成那项工作需要花费三个小时。

2.动词take还有其他词义；例如：

1)得到；获得

You have to take it as you find it.

对这个你只得将就些算了。

2)拿；握住；抓住

The mother took her child by the hand.

母亲拉着孩子的手。

3)取走，拿走

Take this shopping home.

把这件买的东西拿回家。

The foods here are all free - take any you like.

这里的食品都是免费的,你们随便吃吧。

Who has taken my chocolate?

谁拿了我的巧克力？

4)乘，坐，搭（车、船）

Shall we go by bus or take a cab?

我们是乘公共汽车去还是乘出租汽车去?

to take a bus to work

乘公共汽车上班

5)吃；喝；服用；吸入

Take your medicine. 把药服下。

6)进行；作；为

to take a walk 散步

If you don't take / get more exercise you'll get fat.

新目标英语八年级上语法知识讲解（五）

1. have to与情态动词的区别

情态动词不能单独作谓语，后面必须接动词原形一起构成谓语，have to也是这样。

情态动词没有人称和数的变化，而且所用的时态也受到一定的限制，但是have to有人称和数的变化，可用于多种时态中，在一般现在时中，当主语是第三人称单数时，要用has to,其余人称用have to；一般过去时中用had to；一般将来时中用will have to,例如：

She has to go to school by bus.

她不得不乘公共汽车去上学。

If you get ill, you'll have to see the doctor.

如果你生病的话，你就得看医生。

2. have to与must的区别

have to和must都有“必须”的意思，那么它们有哪些不同呢？

(1)含义和用法上的区别：

have to强调客观上需要做某事，即表示外界条件的需要不得不做某事，含有“形势逼迫”的意味；must强调说话者主观上认为必须做某事，含有“主观判断”的意味，例如：

My bike was broken on my way to school. I had to walk there.

我的自行车在上学的路上坏了，我不得不走路去上学。

（我本来不愿意走路，可是自行车坏了，不想走路也不行。）

We must learn English well.

我们必须学好英语。（主观上有这种想法。）

(2)否定式的区别：

have to的否定式意为“不必”，must的否定式意为“禁止；不允许”。因此，以must开头的一般疑问句的肯定回答为“Yes,主语+must”，否定回答为“No,主语+needn't / don't have to”。例如：

---Must I finish the homework now?我必须现在完成作业吗？

---Yes, you must. (No, you needn't / don't have to)是的，你必须现在完成。（不，你不必。）

3.反意疑问句的构成区别：

(1)陈述部分含有have to时，其附加问句的谓语往往用助动词do的相应形式或助动词will。例如：

You had to go shopping yesterday, didn't you?

昨天你不得不去购物，是吗？

(2)陈述部分含有must时，其附加问句的谓语，按下面几种情况来确定：

A. must意为“必须”时，附加问句谓语用needn't。例如：

We must clean the room, needn't we?我们必须打扫房间，是吗？

B. mustn't意为“禁止”之意，附加问句谓语用must。例如：

The boy mustn't play with the knife, must he?

那个男孩不能玩刀子，对吗？

C. must意为“应该”时，附加问句谓语用mustn't。例如：

We must help each other, mustn't we?我们应该互相帮助，对吗？

D. must意为“一定；想必”表示推测时，附加问句部分谓语要根据must后面的动词来确定。例如：

Mr Wang must be at home, isn't he?王先生一定在家，对吗？

注：

must表示的是一种相当肯定的与事实非常接近的推测。例如：

Mr Wang must be at home.其实就相当于Mr Wang is at home.

因此，它的反意疑问句的附加问句部分是isn't he也就很容易理解了。

又如：They must be right, aren't they?

新目标英语八年级上语法知识讲解（六）

1) 形容词的作用

形容词在句子中一般充当表语、定语和宾语补足语，如：

Our school looks very beautiful. (表语)

There are fifty students in our class, so we need a big classroom. (定语)

Doing morning exercises can make us healthy. (宾语补足语)

2) 形容词的级别

形容词有三种级别，即原级、比较级和最高级。当讨论的对象是一个时应使用原级，当讨论的对象是两个时应使用比较级，当讨论的对象在三个或更多时应使用最高级。

在形容词原级后面加上er就成为比较级，在原级后加上est就成为最高级。一般的单音节形容词直接加er或est，词尾是不发音字母e的只加r或st，重读闭音节应双写词尾辅音字母再加er或est，如：

long—longer—longest，

nice—nicer—nicest，

big—bigger—biggest。

以辅音字母加y为结尾的双音节形容词应将y改为i再加上er或est，如：

early—earlier—earliest，

dirty—dirtier—dirtiest，

busy—busier—busiest。

多音节的形容词比较级应在前面加上more，最高级应在前面加上most， 如：

important—more important—most important，

difficult—more difficult—most difficult。

有些特殊的形容词有自己的变化规律， 如：

good/well—better—best， bad/badly—worse—worst，

many/much—more—most， little—less—least，

far—farther/further—farthest/furthest。

形容词的比较级句型应使用连词than或or，如：

The weather in Shanghai is hotter than that in Beijing.

上海的天气比北京的天气热.

Which subject is more important, English or math?

英语和数学, 哪个学科更重要?

形容词的最高级前应加上定冠词the，句型中应给出比较范围，如：

The Changjiang River is the longest river in China.

长江是中国最长的河流.

The third truck carries the most books of all.

第三辆卡车在所有的卡车中载书最多.

两个人或物比较时，如果只说明两者相同或不同，则可使用as...as...句型，否定句为not as (so)...as...句型，这里形容词仍使用原级，如：

Mr. Green is as old as Mr. Brown.

格林先生和布朗先生年龄一样大.

Mr. Green is not as (so) old as Mr. Brown.

格林先生和布朗先生的年龄不一样大.

新目标英语八年级上语法知识讲解（七）

1. 现在进行时表示将来

当一个句子的意思涉及一个计划好的事件或者明确的意图时, 用现在进行时可以表示将来时间. 现在进行时的将来意义或者通过时间副词或者通过上下文来暗示出来.

现在进行时表将来时常有“意图”，“安排”（但不是固定不变的）或“打算”的含义。这种现在进行时比较生动，给人一种期待感，它常表示最近或较近的将来。所用动词多是转移动词，如：

1) Sam has already made his plans. He is leaving at noon tomorrow.

2) A: What are you going to do this afternoon?

B: After lunch I am meeting a friend of mine.

We are going shopping.

Would you like to come along?

2. 一般将来时和be going to 表示将来

1) 当说话人在做一个预测时, (他或她认为将来会发生或出现某种情况), will 和be going to都是可以用的.

2) 表达一种事先计划或打算时( 说话人打算在将来做某事因为在过去他或她已制定了一个计划或决定去做这件事),只能用be going to.

3) 表达意愿时, 只能用will.

dirty的读音是：英['d?ti]。

dirty的读音是：英['d?ti]。dirty的词语用法是adj.(形容词)dirty的基本意思是“肮脏的”,可引申形容人的行为、语言或思想的不健康,常译为“下流的”“卑劣的”“*秽的”,形容天气时往往表示“恶劣的”。dirty近义词angry。

一、详尽释义点此查看dirty的详细内容

adj.(形容词)下流的，污秽的，卑鄙的，猥亵的，肮脏的，龌龊的，令人厌恶的不诚实的，不鲜明的，欺骗的暗淡的吸毒的**的，色情的v.(动词)弄脏，（使）变脏，沾污，弄脏，弄污，沾染玷污，败坏，毁谤，中伤，贬损adv.(副词)很大地，非常大地卑鄙地，肮脏地n.(名词)肮脏，龌龊，下流，卑鄙，不雅，恶劣臭脏话难听蓬头垢面二、英英释义

Adjective:soiled or likely to soil with dirt or grime;"dirty unswept sidewalks"

"a child in dirty overalls"

"dirty slums"

"piles of dirty dishes"

"put his dirty feet on the clean sheet"

"wore an unclean shirt"

"mining is a dirty job"

"Cinderella did the dirty work while her sisters preened themselves"

(of behavior or especially language) characterized by obscenity or indecency;"dirty words"

"a dirty old man"

"dirty books and movies"

"boys telling dirty jokes"

"has a dirty mouth"

vile; despicable;"a dirty (or lousy) trick"

"a filthy traitor"

spreading pollution or contamination; especially radioactive contamination;"the air near the foundry was always dirty"

"a dirty bomb releases enormous amounts of long-lived radioactive fallout"

contaminated with infecting organisms;"dirty wounds"

"obliged to go into infected rooms"

(of color) discolored by impurities; not bright and clear;"dirty"

"a dirty (or dingy) white"

"the muddied grey of the sea"

"muddy colors"

"dirty-green walls"

"dirty-blonde hair"

(of a manuscript) defaced with changes;"foul (or dirty) copy"

obtained illegally or by improper means;"dirty money"

"ill-gotten gains"

expressing or revealing hostility or dislike;"dirty looks"

violating accepted standards or rules;"a dirty fighter"

"used foul means to gain power"

"a nasty unsporting serve"

"fined for unsportsmanlike behavior"

unethical or dishonest;"dirty police officers"

"a sordid political campaign"

unpleasantly stormy;"there's dirty weather in the offing"

Verb:make soiled, filthy, or dirty;"don't soil your clothes when you play outside!"

三、词典解释

1.脏的;肮脏的;污秽的

If something isdirty, it is marked or covered with stains, spots, or mud, and needs to be cleaned.

e.g. She still did not like the woman who haddirty fingernails...

她还是不喜欢那个指甲脏脏的女子。

e.g. The dress had been brightly coloured, but it was stained anddirty now.

那件连衣裙原来色彩非常鲜艳，不过现在有污渍变脏了。

2.弄脏;使变脏

Todirty something means to cause it to become dirty.

e.g. He was afraid the dog's hairs mightdirty the seats...

他担心狗毛弄脏了座位。

e.g. With poor quality tapes you could also risk dirtying the heads on your video recorder.

使用劣质磁带还有可能会污损你的录像机磁头。

3.卑劣的;卑鄙的;不道德的

If you describe an action asdirty, you disapprove of it and consider it unfair, immoral, or dishonest.

dirty的解释

e.g. The gunman had been hired by a rival Mafia family to do thedirty deed.

一个敌对的黑手党家族雇用了那个枪手来实施这一卑劣行动。

4.(笑话、书籍、话语等)*秽的，下流的，**的

If you describe something such as a joke, a book, or someone's language asdirty, you mean that it refers to sex in a way that some people find offensive.

e.g. They tolddirty jokes and sang raucous ballads...

他们说着荤段子，哼着不着调的小曲儿。

e.g. Of course lots of kids readdirty books in their rooms and hide them under the mattress.

当然很多孩子在他们的房间里看黄书，而且会把它们藏在床垫子底下。

5.(用于批评之词前作强调)可恶的，可恨的

Dirty is used before words of criticism to emphasize that you do not approve of someone or something.

e.g. Youdirty liar.

你这个可恶的骗子。

6.把丑事公开;使家丑外扬

If you say that someonewashes theirdirty linen in public, you disapprove of their discussing or arguing about unpleasant or private things in front of other people. There are several other forms of this expression, for examplewash yourdirty laundry in public, or in American English,air yourdirty laundry in public .

e.g. The spectacle of the former naval officers washing theirdirty linen in public was distinctly embarrassing...

前海军官员们自揭伤疤的做法显然非常令人尴尬。

e.g. We shouldn't wash ourdirty laundry in public and if I was in his position, I'd say nothing at all.

家丑不宜外扬，如果我是他的话，我就什么也不说。

7.愤怒的眼神;怒目圆睁

If someone gives you adirty look, they look at you in a way which shows that they are angry with you.

e.g. Michael gave him adirty look and walked out.

迈克尔狠狠地瞪了他一眼然后走开了。

8.老色鬼;老*棍;老不正经

Dirty old man is an expression some people use to describe an older man who they think shows an unnatural interest in sex.

e.g. He was always trying it on. But now he's 71, it's causing problems. He's just adirty old man.

他以前总想乱来。但现在他已 71 岁，有些力不从心了。不过是个老色鬼罢了。

9.替…干不法勾当;替…干苦差

Todo someone'sdirty work means to do a task for them that is dishonest or unpleasant and which they do not want to do themselves.

e.g. As a member of an elite army hit squad, the army would send us out to do theirdirty work for them.

作为特工小分队的一员，部队总会派我们去做他们不愿做的事。

10.(主要为性而进行的)周末幽会

Adirty weekend is a weekend during which two people go away together, mainly in order to have sex.

11.引起反感的词;令人讨厌的字眼

If you say that an expression isa dirty word in a particular group of people, you mean it refers to an idea that they strongly dislike or disagree with.

e.g. Marketing became adirty word at the company.

市场营销成了公司里一个很令人讨厌的字眼。

四、例句

The clothes on the floor are dirty.

地板上的那些衣物是脏的.

The tourist complained that the room was too dirty.

游客抱怨说房间太脏了。

The dirty pub is a beastly place.

那个肮脏的小酒馆是一个叫人恶心的地方。

They sat drinking and telling dirty stories.

他们坐在那里，边喝酒边讲下流故事。

They have been playing all sorts of dirty tricks.

他们一直在耍弄种种卑鄙的伎俩。

The progress of that country is hindered by dirty politics.

那个国家因腐败的政治而停滞不前。

This campaign was dirty and contentious.

这次的竞选活动充满阴谋并让人争论不已。

You'll dirty your hand if you play in the dirt.

如果你去玩泥巴，手会弄脏。

He will dirty his reputation by following bad people and doing bad things.

和坏人一起做坏事,这将玷污他自己的名声。

五、常见句型

用作形容词(adj.)用作定语～+ n.It was a dirty room.

这是一个很脏的房间。Mother cleared the dirty dishes away when we had finished eating.

当我们吃完饭时,妈妈撤走了脏盘子。Do you think that dirty mark will come out?

你说那块污迹能去掉吗?Keep your dirty fingers off the wet paint.

油漆未干,别用脏指头乱摸。Repairing cars is a dirty job.

修汽车是件脏活。They left me with a stack of dirty dishes.

他们留给我一摞脏盘子。The main street was edged on both sides with dirty decaying buildings.

那条主要街道的两边都是些肮脏、破败的房子。I was hurt by his dirty trick.

我被他的卑鄙手段伤害了。They were telling dirty stories.

他们在讲下流事。You've got a dirty mind.

你满脑子下流事。The company published dirty books.

这家公司出版*秽书籍。They sat up drinking and telling dirty stories.

他们坐着边喝酒边说荤段子。Don't scribble dirty words on lavatory walls.

别在厕所墙上乱写下流话。He got involved in some dirty dealing in the stock market.

他卷入股票市场的一些肮脏交易中。War is a dirty business.

战争是卑鄙的事。He was willing to use any dirty trick to get what he wanted.

他愿意使用任何卑鄙的手段来得到他所要的东西。I'm sick of her dirty cracks about my work.

我憎恶她对我的工作所散布的流言蜚语。Even in the dirtiest weather, they were driven to go out to sea.

即使是最恶劣的天气,他们也被迫出海。用作表语S+be+～The boy's hands were dirty.

这男孩的双手很脏。My dress is getting dirty and needs washing.

我的连衣裙脏了,需要洗。Children playing in mud get dirty.

在烂泥中玩的孩子弄得很脏。See how dirty your hands are!

瞧你的手多脏啊!They were hot, dirty, and exhausted.

他们又脏又热,疲惫不堪。I was very dusty and dirty and went up to my room to wash.

我满身灰尘和污秽,就进自己房间去洗浴。It was very dirty, and covered with mould.

太脏了,用泥土把它盖上。It became dirty.

它变脏了。It was found dirty.

它被发现是污秽的。It was made dirty.

它被弄脏了。用作宾语补足语S+V+O+～I saw the book dirty.

我见这本书脏了。Don't keep it dirty and wash it.

不要让它脏下去,洗洗它。其他as n.She used a fair cloth to clean away the dirty on the table.

她用一块干净的布擦去了桌子上的脏东西。用作动词(v.)用作不及物动词S+～(+A)White shoes dirty very quickly.

白鞋脏的很快。White gloves dirty easily.

白手套易弄脏。用作及物动词S+～+ n./pron.Don't dirty your hands.

别弄脏你的手。Don't dirty the floor.

别把地板弄脏了。Don't dirty your new dress.

别弄脏了你的新裙子。You will dirty his honoured name.

你会败坏他的名誉。六、情景对话

Getting Cleaned up-(弄干净)

A：Hey, Bob. I can't find my electric shaver.

喂，鲍勃，我怎么找不到我的电动剃须刀？

B：I`m sorry. I used it and I guess I put it on the top shelf with my stuff.

抱歉，我用过了。我想是把它和我的东西一起放到壁橱上面的搁板上了。

A：Yead，here it is. You might at least clean it up when you use it.The blade'sdirty ang I still can't find the cord.

嗯，在这里。 你用过以后至少应该把它弄干净。刀片很脏，电线也还没有找到。

B：Stop complaining and start shaving. Breakfast'll be ready in about five minutes and you won't if you don't hurry.

别抱怨了， 快刮胡子吧。大约还有五分钟早饭就好了， 要不你就来不及吃早饭了。

A：Your eggs are already beginning to burn.

你的鸡蛋已经烧焦了。

B：What kind of juice do you want?

你想吃什么果汁？

A：Do we have a choice?

有挑选余地吗？

B：Sure. Tomato or V8.

是的，有番茄汁和V8。

A：Well you know how I feel about tomato. Surprise me.

嗯，你知道我对番茄汁的态度。 真使我意外！

七、词语用法

adj.(形容词)dirty的基本意思是“肮脏的”,可引申形容人的行为、语言或思想的不健康,常译为“下流的”“卑劣的”“*秽的”,形容天气时往往表示“恶劣的”。dirty在句中可用作定语、表语或宾语补足语,其比较级为dirtier,最高级为dirtiest。dirty可用very或really来修饰,但不可用completely或absolutely修饰。dirty前加定冠词the可用作名词,表示“肮脏的东西”。v.(动词)dirty用作及物动词时,基本意思是“弄脏”,引申还可表示“败坏某人的名声”,接名词或代词作宾语。dirty用作不及物动词时,意思是“变脏”。dirty的相关近义词

angry、base、bitter、blue、dull、filthy、grimy、low、mean、soiled、unclean、befoul、foul、pollute、soil、spot

dirty的相关反义词

clean、pure、spotless、clean、cleanse、purify

dirty的相关临近词

dis、dirt、dirtyish、dirty up、dirty red、dirtywash、dirty bit、dirty gas、dirty dog、dirty ice、dirty war、dirty rat

点此查看更多关于dirty的详细信息

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