权威专门指点高考英语阅读理解应考技巧

-策略一、紧扣主旨大意 高考英语阅读理解的主旨大意题主要是考查考生在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法对文章进行高度的概括或总结的能力。常见的设问方式有：

●标题类：what's the best title/headline for the passage？

●大意类：the text is mainly about__.the topic/subject discussed in the passage is _ .from the passage，we can conclude that _ .

针对主旨大意类型的题，考生可以掌握以下解题策略：把握文章逻辑结构，快速找出主题；寻找主题句，确定文章中心思想；将首段中心句和各段第一句话连接成一个整体，得出文章主题；逆向思维法解标题类问题。

一、把握文章逻辑结构，快速找出主题

高考阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构：

1、时间顺序。按时间先后顺序说明某一事件、某一理论的发展过程，属于这种结构的文章主题通常在首段或末段。

2、?总说-分述?结构。首段做总的说明，其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段的观点，属于这种结构的文章主题在首段。最典型的是新闻报道类文章，此类体裁的文章在近年高考阅读中逐渐增多。一般这类文章都有固定格式：城市名称(新闻社)?新闻内容。掌握一些国际知名新闻社的英文名称是必要的，路透社reuters，美联社associated press，法新社agence france presse。

3、?分述-总说?结构。前面几段分别说明，末段总结。属于这种结构的文章主题在末段。

二、寻找主题句，确定文章中心思想

不是所有的文章都有主题句，对于大部分有主题句的文章来说，主题句表达了文章的中心思想，找到了主题句，也就抓住了文章的主旨大意。主题句呈现的形式有：

1、在文首。文章开门见山，提出主题，随后摆事实、讲道理来解释、支撑和发展主题句所表达的主题思想。2、在文中。通常前面只提出问题，随之陈述细节引出主题，而后做进一步的解释、支撑或发展。3、在文尾。在表述细节后，归纳要点，得出结论，以概括主题。

三、将首段中心句和各段第一句话连接成一个整体，得出文章主题

通常有些文章会在首段提出一个重要论点，随后在各段分别进一步从不同角度继续阐述，这样我们可以找出首段的中心句，再将其和各段第一句串联在一起，就可以得出文章的中心思想。如：(2006北京卷d篇71题)

which is the best title for the passage？

a.societal conditions in premodern times

b.practices of reducing maternal attachment

c.poor health service and high infant death rate

d.differences between modern and premodern parents

第一段：perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused，a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child.

第二段：one of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year.?

第三段：a third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing.?

从第一段的中心句和各段的第一句不难看出，这篇文章的标题应该是practices of reducing maternal attachment.

四、逆向思维法解标题类问题

(2005全国i卷b篇62题)what would be the best title for the text？

a.a cross-country trip

b.a special border pass

c.an unguarded border

d.an expensive church visit

如果标题是a cross-country trip，那么文章应该讲述一次出境旅行；如果标题是a special border pass，那么文章应该着重讲一个特殊的边境通行证；如果标题是an unguarded border，那么文章应该侧重讲边境如何不设防；如果标题是an expensive church visit，那么文章应该讲一次礼拜如何花费昂贵了。经过这样的逆向思维，我们不难发现文章的内容恰好与标题an expensive church visit一致，因此应该选d。

一、对于写作意图的把握

1.注意连接词的使用：near the end of the last year in middle school，my dad took me to the wildlife refuge.he needed to get some aligator blood to do the experiment.at first，i thought fishing for alligators was a bad idea.what if one tried to eat me？but we had a lot of help，and my dad knew a lot about alligators，so it was ok.

why did the writer think that fishing for aligators was a bad idea at first？

a.because the writer was afraid of the fierce alligators

b.because we should protect alligators

c.because the writer was not as brave as his father

d.because the writer knew little about alligators

某些句型表面看上去是比较级，而实际上是最高级含义。my mother decided to take me on the trip.it couldn't be better.(it couldn't be better=it's great.意为?太好了?)

注意虚拟语气的使用。how i wish i had passed the driving test.(我多么希望已通过了驾照考试呀！)此句暗含的事实是：并没通过考试。

3.将自己想象为故事中的主人公，体会其心理感受

有一篇文章，写一个老太太刚刚在海边买了一座别墅，打算在那里度过余生。因为那里的气候湿润温暖，更适合她的健康。此时她站在曾经生活了25年的房子里，最后环顾这曾经装载了她的大半生的房子。所给的问题是：how does the old lady feel at the last moment in her old house？正确答案是：her feeling is complex.其他的选项如she is happy/she is sad等都片面。只要我们设身处地站在老太太的位置上想一想，就不难找到正确答案。

4.把握全篇文脉，仔细揣摩事情发生的背景

我们不仅要掌握一定的语言知识，还需要平时储备一定的逻辑推理能力以及必要的西方的文化背景知识，才能完全领会文章的主旨或者其所渗透出的幽默感。请看下面这篇介绍父子关系的文章。第一句话就开门见山：my father and i were very close.he was always proud of my success.然后用一个事例说明：if i won a spelling contest at school，he was on top of the world.如果知道be on top of the world是?高兴至极?的意思，也只是理解了语言的表层含义。接下来：when i was named president of the ford motor company，i didn't know which of us was more excited.正确理解了上文的铺垫，才会真正领会此句暗含的意味及幽默：实际上父亲比我还高兴。如果对西方人的生活方式及习惯比较了解的话，也不难接受下面的句子：i hugged and kissed my dad at every opportunity?nothing could have felt more natural.我们再来继续欣赏一下父亲鲜明的个性：my father was a curious man who was always trying new things.he was the first person in my town to buy a motorcycle.unfortunately，my father and his motorcycle didn't get along too well.he fell off it so often that he got rid of it just a month after buying it.as a result，he never again trusted any vehicle with less than four wheels.读懂了这些，就不难理解下文中为什么父亲不让?我?拥有一辆自行车，反而当?我?刚满16岁就让我开车了。正确理解了文章的来龙去脉及内涵，对于文后题目的处理也就会轻而易举了。

二、对于出题意图的把握

1.正确理解一个事物的两个方面

有些题目不是直接照搬原文的话，而是用一些另外的语言表达出同样的意思，因此我们必须掌握用英文解释英文的技能。如一篇介绍辍学学生的文章，文章先后两次谈到学生辍学后的感想。第一次：most students who dropped out of school in the united states admit they made a mistake by giving up and some say they might have stayed if classes were more chalenging.

第二次：three out of four said if they could turn back the clock they would choose to stay.文后的题目是which of the folowing is right according to the passage？正确答案是：most dropout students hope to go back to school if possible.虽然

原文没有像题目这样明确说明，但其实这是一个事物的两个方面；对于辍学的后悔其实就是希望继续上学。通过正确推断这些文句的含义，即可找出正确答案。

2.以文章内容为基础进行判断

-策略三、合理推理判断

一、理解定义。判断是对已知的事实仔细评价之后做出的合理决定。推理是对事实的内涵所做的陈述或以事实为依据对未知所做的陈述。注意无论是判断还是推理都是以已知事实为依据。

二、推理题常见的提问形式。常以infer，imply，indicate，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等词提问。

或含有表推测的情态动词，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的动词，如probably，mostlikely等。

三、具体策略

1.通过辨认细节的技巧，找到相关的事实或证据，对这些事实或证据进行分析和评价，在此基础上再作决定。切记：推断是以文章提供的事实为依据，而不是凭空想象，更不是读者自己的意愿。

2.借助常识。在推理判断题中，我们平时积累的一些常识通常会派上用场。2006年陕西高考英语试卷中一篇关于通信发展史的阅读最为典型。a.the postal service has over the years become faster. b.the postal service has over the years become slower.大家都应知道交通越来越发达，邮电业当然是faster.此篇还涉及到有关发邮件的常识，如果同学们有这个common sense，就如鱼得水了。

3.务必要用排除法。排除法在此类题型中发挥着不可磨灭的作用。根据在文章中找到的事实依据和常识排除错误信息，再排除和文章中一词不差的信息(文章里的原句不会是推理判断出来的结果，但通过同义词或句型转换过的选项有可能是正确答案)，最后再排除无关或偏离信息，正确答案就不言而喻了。

4.词句段篇，相互交融。词的理解要放在句子里，句子的理解要靠段，段的理解也离不开篇。单独说floor谁都知道是什么意思，但?she was floored to see her own name and address inside the cover，in her own handwriting?这个语境里是surprised的意思。因此不能独立地看某个词或某句话。此外，学生对一词多义或一些习语的积累也是很有必要的，这就要靠同学们课下多下工夫了。

例he is an old cobbler(修鞋匠) with a shop in the marais，a historic area in paris.when i took him my shoes，he at first told me：?i have no time.take them to the other fellow on the main street;he'll fix them right away.?

but i'd had my eye on his shop for a long time.just looking at his bench loaded with tolls and pieces of leather，i knew he was a skilled craftsman(手艺人).?no，?i replied，?the other fellow can't do it well.?

?the other fellow?was one of those shopkeepers who fix shoes and make keys ?while-u-wait?-without knowing much about mending shoes or making keys.they work carelessly，and when they have finished sewing back a sandal strap(鞋带)you might as well just throw away the pair.

my man saw i wouldn't give in，and he smiled.he wiped his hands on his blue apron(围裙)，looked at my shoes，had me write my name on one shoe with a piece of chalk and said，?come back in a week.?i was about to leave when he took a pair of soft leather boots off a shelf.

?see what i can do？?he said with a pride.?only three of us in paris can do this kind of work.?

when i got back out into the street，the world seemed brand-new to me.he was something out of an ancient legend(传说)，this old craftsman with his way of speaking familiarly，his very strange，dusty felt hat，his funny accent from who-knows-where and，above all，his pride in his craft.

these are times when nothing is important but the bottom line，when you can do things any old way as long as it ?pays?，when，in short，people look on work as a path to ever-increasing consumption(消费) rather than a way to realize their own abilities.in such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.

1.which of the following is true about the old cobbler？

a.he was equipped with the best repairing tools.

b.he was the only cobbler in the marais.

c.he was proud of his skils.

d.he was a native parisian.

2.the sentence?he was something out of an ancient legend.?implied that___

a.nowadays you can hardly find anyone like him

b.it was difficult to communicate with this man

c.the man was very strange

d.the man was too old

解析：1.c文中多处提到关于自豪的字眼a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.and he said with a pride.这正是c项的涵义。a，d是无关信息文中没有提及排除b是错误选项。依据：the other fellow还有only three of us in paris can do?

2.a说他像古代传奇中的人物。言行，打扮尤其对自己手艺的自豪，现代社会罕见。in such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.b，d在文章中没有任何依据，排除。c项的strange很有迷惑性但文中说到的是strange hat not the man.

-试试看吧

all through my boyhood and youth，i was known as an idler;and yet i was always busy on my own private end，which was to learn to write.i kept always two books in my pocket，one to read，one to write in.as i walked，my mind was busy fitting what i saw with appropriate words;when i sat by the roadside，i would either read， or a pencil and a note-book would be in my hand，to note down the features of the scene or write some poor lines of verse.thus i lived with words. and what i thus wrote was for no future use;it was written consciously for practice.it was not much that i wished to be an author(though i wished that，too)as that i had vowed that i would learn to write.that was a proficiency that tempted me ;and i practised to acquire it.description was the principal field of my exercise;for to anyone with senses there is always something worth describing and town and country are but one continuous subject.but i worked in other ways also;i often accompanied my walks with dramatic dialogues，in which i played many parts;and often exercised myself in writing down conversations from memory.

this was all excellent，no doubt.and yet this was not the most efficient part of my training.good as it was，it only taught me the choice of the essential note and the right word.and regarded as training，it had one grave defect;for it set me no standard of achievement.so there was perhaps more profit，as there was certainly more effort，in my secret labours at home.whenever i read a book or a passage that particularly pleased me，in which a thing was said or an effect rendered with propriety ，in which there was either some conspicuous force or some happy distinction(巧妙特色) in the style，i must sit down at once and set myself to ape that quality.i was unsuccessful and i knew it;and tried again，and was again unsuccessful and always unsuccessful;but at least in these vain bouts i got some practice in rhythm，in harmony，in construction and the coordination of parts.i have thus played the sedulous ape to hzlitte，to lamb，to wordsworth，to defoe，to hawthorne.that，like it or not，is the way to learn to write;whether i have profited or not，that is the way.it was so，if we could trace it out，that all men have learned.

1.in this passage______.

a.an expert tells about how writers become successful

b.a writer tells about the techniques of writing

c.a student tells about how he learned to write

d.a writer tells about his experience of learning to write

2.fromt his passage we can infer that____.

a.it is a good habit for everyone to take books in his pocket while idling in the street.

b.practice and imitation are important in learning to write

c.one had better start to learn to write from one's younger days

d.failure is the mother of success

参考答案:d\b

2011-2012世界大学排行榜的世界大学排行榜

National Science Review（《国家科学评论》以下简称NSR，季刊）是我国第一份英文科技类综述期刊，2014年创刊，被汤森路透集团（Thomson Reuters）旗下的Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E）数据库收录，其中2015年影响因子IF=8.

NSR是为了适应我国科学研究国际地位快速提升而创办的综述类期刊，由中国科学院主管、中国科技出版传媒股份有限公司（科学出版社）主办和出版，通过HighWire数字出版平台面向世界科学界开放获取(Free Access)。

NSR致力于全面展示国内外各科学领域的代表性研究成果，追踪报道重大科技事件，深度解读中外科学界热点研究和重要科技政策等。为全方位、多角度地反映中国自然科学各领域的重要科学成就，NSR除了偏重于发表以中国代表性重大研究进展为主题的综述性论文外，还设立社论、观点、研究亮点、读者来信和短评、专家访谈、圆桌论坛等多个栏目，对国家科技管理者的高端访谈和对国家科技政策的解读是其重要特色之一。

刊物由中国科学院院长白春礼担任主编，中国科学院外籍院士蒲慕明担任常务副主编，薛其坤、高松、施一公、周忠和、逯高清、郭雷分别担任数理科学、化学科学、生命科学、地球科学、材料科学和信息科学的学科副主编。目前编委会由169名国际知名科学家组成，其中以中国科学院外籍院士为主的国际编委占43%，诺贝尔奖得主4名。

这个杂志肯定非常牛掰！

榜单前10位，美国和英国大学分占7席和3席，其中英国牛津大学排名第四。美英两国分别有75所和32所大学进入榜单前200名。亚洲排名最靠前的是东京大学，列第30位。日本和韩国各有5所和3所高校进入前200名。

北京大学和清华大学分别位居第49和第71位，中国科学技术大学排名第192位。中国香港的大学表现抢眼，在200强中夺得4席，是世界上顶尖大学密度最高的地区，其中香港大学位列第34。

《泰晤士报高等教育副刊》副主编、负责世界大学排行榜编制工作的菲尔·巴蒂在谈到香港各大学的出色表现时说，作为一个重要的世界经济中心，香港显然也已成为世界级的高等教育中心。

《泰晤士报高等教育副刊》根据汤森路透集团提供的数据，以13项指标进行世界大学排行榜的编制工作，其中包括科研、教学、论文引用、科研成果转化以及国际化水平等。为编制2011-2012世界大学排行榜，它对评比方法进行了微调，确保人文和社会学科见长的大学能够与理工科出色的学校更公平地竞争。

英国“泰晤士报高等教育副刊”携手IDP教育集团全球首发2011-2012年世界大学排名

·　哈佛跌下连续八年的首把交椅，加州理工独占鳌头

·　牛津优势，超越剑桥

·　美国75所大学稳占团体第一，英国32所大学位居第二

·　意大利、爱尔兰、中国大陆大学排名不尽人意

·　德国、荷兰、日本、巴西、以色列、中国香港发展强劲

2011年10月6日格林威治时间的0点，英国“泰晤士报高等教育副刊”（Times Higher Education）携手全球最大留学服务机构IDP教育集团，全球首发2011-2012年世界大学排名，成为各界人士对世界大学进行对比时参考的黄金标准。

Times 的全球大学排名主要考评参选大学的科研实力。汤姆森路透集团（Thomas Reuters）为排名所需采集的各项资料提供了数据。这13项独立的考评指数可划分为5大类：

·　教学Teaching— 学习环境、师生比例、颁发的学士\博士学位等（占总评分的30%权重）

·　研究Research— 研究数量，收入及声望（占总评分的30%权重）

·　论文引用数量Citations— 科研的影响力（占总评分的30%权重）

·　产业收入Industry Income— 创新，即来自产业和学术人员的科研收入（占总评分的2.5%权重）

·　国际视野International Outlook— 国际学生数量、国际教职员工及跨境学术研究 （占总评分的7.5%权重）

排名解读：

2010年，中国大陆6所大学上榜，很遗憾2011年排名中仅有3所大学进入200强：北大49、清华71。

200强中，美国大学占75所，英国32所，占了半边天。德国12所，荷兰12所，加拿大9所，澳洲7所，瑞士7所，瑞典5所，日本5所。

还新增了“The Best of the Rest”部分，意为：其他大学中最优秀的大学，也就是列出了在各项考评中紧随前200强之后的另外200所世界大学，这200所大学不作排名，只按字母顺序排序，供广大学生参考。

IDP建议各位同学和家长：排名林林总总，每个排名的侧重点不一样，每个排名也都有各自的局限性。希望排名成为大家选择留学国家、院校和专业的参考，而不是唯一的依据。过分依赖排名进行选择，反而会被排名所累，不能做出理性的选择。我们提倡根据自己的兴趣爱好、专业背景、家庭情况、未来的择业规划、以及院校的地理位置、气候情况等因素进行综合考量。

数字解读：

·　除来自美国和英国两大教育强国的院校外，排名最靠前的是瑞士联邦理工学院-苏黎世，位列第15位；

·　排名最好的亚洲院校是来自日本的东京大学，位列第30位；

·　荷兰有12所大学进入世界大学200强，其中乌特列支大学位居第68位；

·　以色列是唯一跻身世界大学排名200强的中东国家，两所入围院校——耶路撒冷希伯来大学和特来维夫大学分别位列第121和166位；

·　来自巴西的圣保罗大学在去-年缺席前200世界大学排名后，今-年因资金投入的增加及声誉的提高，以178位的排名强势回归前200榜单；

·　瑞士是仅有800万人口的小国，却有3所院校问鼎世界大学榜单前70强，这是其持续重视并提供充足资金给教育产业的回报；

·　这次世界大学200强的榜单中，没有意大利大学的身影；

·　日本有5所大学进入世界大学前200榜单，领先于其它亚洲国家；

·　中国的北大和清华大学仍留在100强的榜单上，但Times的世界大学排名也反映出，中国的其他211或985院校距离世界级名校还有很长的路。

但进入榜单的大部分院校的排名较之去-年有明显下滑；

·　受到国内经济情况的影响，爱尔兰进入前200榜单的大学排名较之去-年有显著下滑；

·　众多美国国立大学因公共资助减少，较之去-年排名有明显下降趋势；

Times高等教育副刊第一次将一个国家/地区进入前200世界大学榜单的院校数量与该国家/地区的国内生产总值（GDP）比对，有助于让大家进一步理解高等教育对于一个社会的重要作用。当我们用这种方式去比对发现，中国香港地区位列第一位，紧接着是荷兰、英国、瑞士、瑞典，而教育强国美国仅屈居第14位。

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