雅思阅读：如何抓住“题眼”

一、浏览文章

阅读文章的标题、副标题、小标题、，了解文章的大致内容和结构。对于文章主题的把握有助于判断题的解题。

二、阅读题目，划出定位词

前面提到，所有的判断题都是与原文的同义转换。但是有些词是无法被同义转换掉的，我们可以根据这个特点，到原文中把该题所对应的段落找出来。这类词我们称之为?定位词?。

常见的定位词有：专有名词，大写字母缩写，斜体字，带引号的词，相对比较少见的名词。但是有两个例外：一是文章标题中出现的词不能做定位词，而是其它题目中多次出现的词不能做定位词。因为这两种词在原文中多次出现，就失去了定位的价值。

读题的时候要特别注意：不要等把全部题目读完了再开始做题，因为人的记忆有限，不可能短期内记下大量的内容;但也不要读一道题目划一道题目，因为如果遇到 NOT GIVEN 或者遇到比较难定位的情况，就会非常耗时。

正确的读题方法是读 2-3 道题目一起读，这样既不至于遗忘，又能方便考生。考生可以从一道相对比较容易定位的题目着手，再根据顺序原则找到相邻的题目。

三、划出考点词--抓住?题眼?

很多同学找到定位词之后，就把题目和原文分别翻译一下，然后再进行判断。但是这种做法比较笨拙，因为考生非常有可能因为细枝末节的题目而错判断题目。其实每道题目都只有一个地方可能有错，因此，这个地方我们称之为?题眼?，或者叫做?考点词?。

考点词基本上都位于句子的重心位置，多为谓语部分。常见考点词的类型有：反义考点词(有反义词的词，多为形容词和副词)，数字数量考点词，绝对考点词，比较考点词等。

四、考点词的类型及判断技巧

上一篇提到了考点词有反义考点词、数字数量考点词、绝对考点和比较考点词。现在我们具体来看一下这些考点词的具体的含义。

1、反义考点词

如果一个重心部位的词有反义词(此类词多为形容词和副词，也可能为动词)，那么很有可能这个词就是考点词，需要去判断。比如：

例1 Q: Environmentalists take a pessimistic view of the world for a number of reasons.

原文： For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. (剑 5 Test 1, Q 27)

在这个例子中，形容词 pessimistic 因为有反义词 optimistic ，故这个词就是本题的考点词。与原文相对照，发现 pessimistic 对应的词是 seems to be getting worse ，与原文一致，因此答案选 YES.

例2 Q: Current thinking on humour has largely ignored Aristotle?s view on the subject.

原文： But most modern humour theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle?s belief that?(剑 5 Test 2, Q17)

在本题中，考点词是位于重心部位的谓语动词 ignore，因为其有反义词 didn?t ignore。正好与原文中的 settle on 相对应，故此题选 FALSE。

2、数字数量考点词

数字数量往往是作者想要强调的重点，因此也常常成为考点。但是有一点要提醒考生注意的是，数字考点不是单独存在的，往往是要和其修饰的名词合在一起构成考点词的。我们来看以下例题：

例3 Q:The 1990 survey related to 550,000consultations with alternative therapies.

原文：The 550,000consultations with alternative therapies? (剑 4 Test 2, Q18)

本题答案 YES，非常容易判断，因为考点词是 550,000 ，正好在原文中也出现了。但是要提醒考生的是，这道题目并不是仅仅根据两个数字对应就做出来的，数字修饰的概念 ?consultations with alternative therapies? 同时也是考点词，只不过这里恰好一致罢了。

例4 Q: The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289patients who visited alternative therapists for acupuncture treatments.

原文：Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapies? practices in Sydney. These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists. (剑 4 Test 2, Q18)

这道题目很容易选成 YES ，因为 289 在原文中和题目中都出现了。但是需要提醒考生的是，不能光看数字考点，还要看一下数字修饰的概念是否一致。在本题中，题目中 289 人的概念是?参加针灸疗法的病人?，而原文中的是?各种各样的疗法?，因为可以肯定 289 人不是都参加针灸疗法的，因为即便其中包括针灸，289 个病人一定还有参加其它疗法的。故本题选 NO。

3、绝对考点词

绝对考点词指的是 all, must, every 等语气绝对的限定词。这类考点往往因为与原文中所述事实矛盾而选 FALSE/NO 的答案。但是也有很多例外，考生不应不看原文就直接选出答案。

例5 Q: The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world.

原文：The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world.

很显然，这道题目的考点词 every 出错了，因为原文中只讲有 37 个城市。

例6 All cultures have been able to express large numbers clearly.

原文：The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. (剑 5 Test 2 Q35)

题目中所是所有的文化都能表达大的数字，但是原文中却说一些文化缺乏处理大的数字。故答案选 FALSE。

也有很多例外：

例7 Only two Japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400 years.

原文：Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years.(剑 7 Test 2, Q1 )

这题虽然题目是绝对考点词，但是因为原文中也用了一样的绝对考点词，故答案选 YES。

4、比较考点词

比较考点词指的是在 A is ? than B 或者 A is as ? as B 中用于比较的形容词或者副词。这类题型在雅思阅读中比较常见。通常有以下几种情况：

a、A和B有一方在原文中没有出现，答案选 NOT GIVEN。

b、A和B都在原文中出现，但并未出现比较，答案选 NOT GIVEN。

c、A和B都在原文中出现，且出现比较，但比较的内容不一致，答案选 NOT GIVEN。

d、如果A和B都在原文中出现，而且比较内容相同，则根据方向来判断答案选 YES 或者 NO。

我们来看以下例题：

例8 Q: Early peoples found it easier to count by using fingers rather than a group of pebbles. (剑 6 Test 2 Q40 )

原文： ? because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter?s fingers.

在本例中，题目把 finger 和 pebble 进行了比较，但是原文中者两个词是并列关系，根本没有进行比较，因此答案选 NOT GIVEN。

例9 Q: Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforest?s destruction.

原文1： More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal habitats.

原文2： More girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats.

在这道题目中，比较考点词是 more likely to hold mistaken views ，原文中虽然也出现了比较，但是比较的内容与题目完全不同，因此答案选 NOT GIVEN 。

此外，如果一道题目没有出现明显的考点词，或者题目的重心位置中出现 some, may, likely, not al l 等语气保守的词的时候，这道题目选 FALSE/ NO 的概率就很小，选 TURE/YES 的概率相对较大。

例10 Q: Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the Dictionary.

原文：He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in preparation。(剑 5 Test 13 )

题目中没有明显的考点词，但是 not all 这个词语气非常保守，正好对应的原文中的 two of whom died，因此答案选 YES 。

例11 Q: Some peoples with simple number systems use body language to prevent misunderstanding of expression of number.

原文：But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion.

本题同样没有明显的考点词，但是 some 这个词语气保守，与原文中的 often 正好对应，故选 TRUE。

判断题可以说是雅思阅读中中国学生最头疼的题型，因为中国人一贯的做题逻辑与雅思考官的命题思路往往大相径庭。但是经过大量的分析我们发现，一旦通过大量的实践熟悉了雅思判断题的题型，明白了判断题的类别和做题方法，考生做题的正确率将会有一个很大的提高。

　托福TPO是我们托福阅读的重要参考资料，为了方便大家备考，下面我给大家整理了托福TPO1阅读文本及题目答案Part2，希望大家喜欢。

托福TPO7阅读原文Part1

　The Geologic History of the Mediterranean

　In 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?

　Another task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean?

　With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.

　The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.

　The salt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusual gravel provided abundant evidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.

　gypsum: a mineral made of calcium sulfate and water

　Paragraph 1: In 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?

托福TPO7阅读题目Part1

　1. The word "objective" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　○achievement

　○requirement

　○purpose

　○feature

　2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a change that occurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?

　○Most invertebrate species disappeared during a wave of extinctions.

　○A few hardy species wiped out many of the Mediterranean's invertebrates.

　○Some invertebrates migrated to Atlantic Ocean.

　○New species of fauna populated the Mediterranean when the old migrants returned.

　Paragraph 3: With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.

　3. What does the author imply by saying "Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the

　pebbles came from the nearby continent"?

　○The most obvious explanation for the origin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence.

　○The geologists did not find as many pebbles as they expected.

　○The geologists were looking for a particular kind of pebble.

　○The different pebbles could not have come from only one source.

　4.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?

　○It did not contain any marine fossil.

　○It had formed in open-ocean conditions.

　○It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.

　○It contained sediment from nearby deserts.

　5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit you must select TWO answers.

　○Volcanic rock fragments.

　○Thin silt layers

　○Soft, deep-sea mud

　○Crystalline salt

　6. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?

　○To describe the physical evidence collected by Hsu and Ryan

　○To explain why some of the questions posed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of the Glomar Challenger

　○To evaluate techniques used by Hsu and Ryan to explore the sea floor

　○To describe the most difficult problems faced by the Glomar Challenger expedition

　Paragraph 4: The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scoresof invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.

　7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?

　○The movements of Earth's crust

　○The accumulation of sediment layers

　○Changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean

　○Changes in Earth's temperature

　8. The word "scores" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　○members

　○large numbers

　○populations

　○different types

　9. According to paragraph 4, what caused most invertebrate species in the Mediterranean to become extinct?

　○The evaporation of chemicals necessary for their survival

　○Crustal movements that connected the Mediterranean to the saltier Atlantic

　○The migration of new species through the narrow straits

　○Their inability to tolerate the increasing salt content of the Mediterranean

　10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　○The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.

　○The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.

　○The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.

　○As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.

　11. The word "Turbulent" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　○Fresh

　○Deep

　○Violent

　○Temperate

　Paragraph 2 ■Another task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. ■These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. ■Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ■

　12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.

　Where would the sentence best fit?

　13.Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　An expedition to the Mediterranean answered some long-standing questions about the ocean's history.

　●

　●

　●

　Answer choices

　○The Glomar Challenger expedition investigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features.

　○Researchers collected fossils to determine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.

　○Scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger were the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath the seafloor.

　○Samples recovered from the expedition revealed important differences in chemical composition and fossil distribution among the sediment layers.

　○Evidence collected by the Glomar Challenger supports geologists' beliefs that the Mediterranean had evaporated and become a desert, before it refilled with water.

　○Mediterranean salt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water.

　托福TPO7 阅读答案 Part1

　参考答案：

　1.○ 3

　2.○ 2

　3.○ 1

　4.○ 1

　5.○ 2, 4

　6.○ 1

　7.○ 1

　8○ 2

　9.○ 4

　10.○ 2

　11.○ 3

　12.○ 3

　13. The Glomar Challenger

　Samples recovered from

　Evidence collected by

　托福TPO7阅读原文翻译Part1

　参考翻译：地中海的地质历史

　1970年，地理学家Kenneth J. Hsu 和 William B.F. Ryan在海洋调查船Glomar Challenger号上收集调研资料。这次特别巡航的一个目的是调查地中海的地层以及解决关于其地质历史的问题。其中一个问题是有关地中海地区无脊椎动物(没有脊椎的动物)于600万年前发生剧变的证据。大部分更加古老的生物都几乎灭绝了，尽管一些顽强的种类得以生存。很少的一些动物成功地迁移到了大西洋。不久后，这些动物又回来了，并带回来新的物种。为什么这次较近的动物灭绝和迁移会发生呢?

　Glomar Challenger号上科学家们的另一个任务是尝试去确定深埋在地中海海底穹顶状巨块的起源。这些结构在早些年被回声探测器探测过，但是它们从未被钻探过。它们是像美国墨西哥海湾海岸一带的含盐穹顶状巨块吗?如果是的话，为什么在地中海海底之下会有这么多固体的结晶盐呢?

　带着这些清楚摆在他们面前的问题，科学家们登上Glomar Challenger号前往地中海寻找答案。1970年8月23日，他们找到了一个样本。这个样本由石膏块和火山岩碎块组成。周围没有发现一块能说明这些小石头来自附近的大陆。接下来的日子里，随着海底岩层钻探实验的进行，固体石膏样本被不断地放在甲板上。而且，这些膏状物的组成和结构特性表明它们形成于沙漠。在石膏层上下的沉积物中包含了微小的海洋生物化石，说明了这是开放性的海洋环境。当钻到地中海盆地中心的最深处时，科学家们从钻管中获得了坚实的、光亮的结晶盐。跟结晶盐嵌在一起的薄层像是被风吹起的泥沙层。

　时间阐明了一个假设。调查者们构思了这样的理论：大约2 000万年前，地中海是一条宽阔的航道，它通过两条狭窄的海峡与大西洋连接。地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。由蒸发引起的越来越高的盐度造成无脊椎动物种类的灭绝。只有一些能抵抗高盐度条件的物种保留下来。随着蒸发的继续进行，盐水浓度太高以致硬地层的硫酸钙发生沉淀。在盆地的中间深处，剩余盐水的持续蒸发形成更多的可溶的氯化钠(盐)。后来，在上层沉淀物的重压下，盐向上形成了含盐的圆顶。然而在这之前，地中海是一个3 000米深的大沙漠。然后，550万年前发生了洪水。作为地壳调整和断层作用的结果，现在连接地中海和大西洋的直布罗陀海峡打开了，水流像瀑布一样壮观地涌回地中海。湍急的水流冲击并摧毁了坚硬的含盐层，把它们磨成了Challenger号获得的第一份样本中人们所观察到的鹅卵石。随着盆地的填充，普通的海洋生物又回来了。不久后海洋软泥层开始在原先的硬地层上堆积。

　盐、石膏、动物区系的变更，还有不寻常的沙砾层都为地中海曾经是片沙漠的理论提供了充分的证据。

托福TPO7阅读原文及参考答案Part1相关 文章 ：

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