2012年托福真题：3月18日托福阅读机经回忆

2012年托福真题：3月18日托福阅读机经回忆

第一篇：真菌（fungi）

>考生回忆：

·在欧洲，过去采集真菌相对容易；而现在不仅数量减少了，外形也变小了。真菌有很强的环境敏感度，这同树木不同；故环境出现问题则真菌首当其冲。真菌也可以储存养分供给树木。

·在北美，那里的人食用真菌类食物（如蘑菇）比较少，且历史较短。人们把其他蘑菇等都算进真菌里面。虽然没有显著减少，但是也有危险。

·里面用了很多TPO文章The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii的很多内容；

>参考文献说明

“欧洲真菌减少”的回忆似乎并不太合常识。经过对自然科学类期刊论文数据库检索后，找到了发表于1990年的一篇论文”Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Europe”，探讨了欧洲“外生菌”

（Ectomycorrhizal Fungi）的数量减少，其中提到的主要原因便是环境因素，同回忆相符。该论述如下（参考阅读中划线句子）：

“It is argued that changes in the populations of ectomycorrhizal fungi are most likely to be attributable to indirect effects of air pollution, in particular to increases in amounts of available nitrogen (possibly in combination with acidification) and/or to decreased tree vitality wity consequent reductions in the transport of current assimilates to roots and mycorrhizas.”

该论文由学术数据库ScienceDirect收录，来源如下：

Eef Arnolds , “Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Europe “, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Volume 35, Issues 2-3, April 1991, Pages 209-244

>参考阅读（上述论文摘要部分）

Abstract

Recent changes in the species diversity and sporocarp production of ectomycorrhizal fungi in different regions of, and forest communities within, Europe are discussed with special emphasis on events in The Netherlands. In some forests in some regions fewer ectomycorrhizal fungi are now producing sporocarps, notably those associated with trees more than 40 years old and in particular conifers, for instance species of Phellodon, Hydnellum, Suillus, Tricholoma and Cortinarius. It is argued that this decline in different parts of Europe is coincident with decreased numbers of mycorrhizas. A scheme of progressive changes with three phases of ectomycorrhizal impoverishment and seven subphases is presented. The more probable causes ofdecline are discussed, namely forest succession, the collection of sporocarps (of edible mycorrhizal fungi), changes in forest management, direct influences of air pollutants, acidification of forest soils and consequent increased availability of aluminium in soil solution, nitrogen deposition, increased litter accumulation, changes in the herb layer of forests and reduced tree vitality.

It is argued that changes in the populations of ectomycorrhizal fungi are most likely to be attributable to indirect effects of air pollution, in particular to increases in amounts of available nitrogen (possibly in combination with acidification) and/or to decreased tree vitality wity consequent reductions in the transport of current assimilates to roots and mycorrhizas. The relative importance of these different factors, and their interactions, are likely to differ in different locations. It is supposed that liming and applications of other corrective fertilizers are unlikely to restore the diversity and sporocarp production of ectomycorrhizal fungi; they may even have adverse effects. In the circumstances therefore it seems that the abatement of emissions is likely to be the only effective way of improving and sustaining stable forest ecosystems in areas at risk, notably in densely populated Europe.

第二篇：美国工业化、铁路与内战

>考生回忆：

·美国的农业在新英格兰地区发展，所有的必需品由水路运输。由于土地条件、收益甚微及内陆农业发达等原因，新英格兰地区农业发展开始转向工业发展，而原来的农业人口成为了首批产业工人。

·美国工业的发展过程中，铁路运输贯穿始终。随着铁路网的密集化，西部的矿产可以很容易地运往东部。

·而南部却则一直发展农业。而内战（南北战争）是一个彻底的分捩点，南部确定了其农业主导的地位。

·这种南北经济向不同方向转型并引发内战的原因归结于铁路的发展。

·美国的工业归根结底是建立在车轮子上的。

>参考阅读：

-美国早期工业化

American industrialization was facilitated by a unique confluence of geographical, social, and economic factors. The post-Revolution American population remained low relative to its European counterparts and the demand for manual labor created strong incentives to mechanize labor-intensive tasks. The eastern seaboard of the United States, with a great number of rivers and streams along the Atlantic seaboard, provided many potential sites for constructing mills and infrastructure necessary for early industrialization. A vast supply of natural resources along with a large labor supply consisting of surplus domestic rural workers and massive immigration from European nations enabled industrialization. The ready supply of labor was an advantage American industrialism had over European.

-南北铁路建设的区别

Railroads have played a large role in the development of the United States of America, from the industrial revolution in the North-east to the colonization of the West. The American railway mania began with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad? in 1828 and flourished until the Panic of 1873 bankrupted many companies and temporarily ended all growth. Although the South started early to build railways, it concentrated on short lines linking cotton regions to oceanic or river ports, and the absence of an interconnected network was a major handicap during the Civil War.

-铁路因素在南部失败中的作用

Rail was strategic during the American Civil War, and the Union used its much larger system much more effectively. Practically all the mills and factories supplying rails and equipment were in the North, and the Union blockade kept the South from getting new equipment or spare parts. The war was fought in the South, and Union raiders (and sometimes Confederates too) systematically destroyed bridges and rolling stock-and sometimes bent rails-to hinder the logistics of the enemy.

In the South most railroads in 1860 were local affairs connecting cotton regions with the nearest waterway. Most transport was by boat, not rail, and after the Union blockaded the ports in 1861 and seized the key rivers in 1862, long-distance travel was difficult. The outbreak of war had a depressing effect on the economic fortunes of the railroad companies, for the hoarding of the cotton crop in an attempt to force European intervention left railroads bereft of their main source of income. Many had to lay off employees, and in particular, let go skilled technicians and engineers. For the early years of the war, the Confederate government had a hands-off approach to the railroads. Only in mid-1863 did the Confederate government initiate an overall policy, and it was confined solely to aiding the war effort. With the legislation of impressment the same year, railroads and their rolling stock came under the de facto control of the Confederate military.

>参考文献

Publications

·Robert C. Black, The Railroads of the Confederacy (1988); George Edgar Turner, Victory Rode the Rails: The Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War (1953)

·Charles W. Ramsdell, "The Confederate Government and the Railroads, American Historical Review, Vol. 22, No. 4 (July, 1917), p. 795.

·Mary Elizabeth Massey. Ersatz in the Confederacy (1952) p. 128.

Jstor Database:

·Hermon King Murphey, “The Northern Railroads and the Civil War”, The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 5, No. 3, Dec., 1918, p. 327

Internet Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_the_United_States

第三篇：human activity and archaeological records

第三篇只回忆出了标题，而且范围有些过大（人类活动与考古记录），并不易于还原。

但据以为新东方的老学员回忆，其文章组织的形式是很经典的“假设-反驳-立新论”的多理论列举型文章。同学们今后再做阅读时可使用大纲法阅读，捋清每种理论的要点以及缺陷，方可避免因遗忘和术语过多导致的概念混淆。

1. 英语作文,会写的手写发

嗯 对了，几天前帮我指导的ABC夫下口语的导师才和我提过 如果想将英语学好应该是不费力地 一定需要个恰当的学习情境及熟练口语对象 这取决于外教资质 标准口音才是最好，保持每天练习口语，1v1针对性教学才会有更.好.的学习效果。

上完课需要复习听取课堂录音档 好巩固知识点~然后要是真的没有练习对象的状况下 可以去 VOA或爱思得到课外教材学习，多说、多练、多问、多听、多读，一下子英语水平会进步许多 学习效益肯定会达成目标的~As can be seen from the picture, there is a mother and her daughter who are danging happily together in the f缉偿光锻叱蹬癸拳含哗orest. They wears the clothes of the same style. And they both have fair hair. There are so many trees and flowers around them. Flowers are blooming around them where it is like a paradize. I tnk the picture is so beautiful for the homouniou relationsp among mother, daughter and environment. It cathes my eyeballs at once. I imaging dancing there together with them, breatng fresh air wity my soul singing. I tnk the harmonious relationsp bween parents and cldren is very important for cldren's growth physically and psychologically. What cldren lacking of most may not be much much money but parents' love and attention. How much time do you spare to acpany your cldren if you are a father or a mother? Have you ever danced with your or played with your cldren like the mother in the picture? Do you notice the sweetest *** ile on kids' face. Your ampany will be the best present to your cldren and their *** iles will also be the best present to you. Therefore, no matterh how busy you are, never fet to stay with your cldren.。

I Learn English Like This

我是这样学习英语的

We know it is difficult to learn English.My English is very good. I learn English like this.

我们知道英语学起来很困难。我的英语不错，我是这样学英语的：

I Listen to the teacher carefully and write the important points down on my notebooks.After class I revise the lessons.Before class I prepare new lessons to find out the questions. Then I will listen carefully in class.

上课认真听讲，把重点内容都记在笔记本上。课下复习这些功课。课前预习新功课，找出问题，然后在课上认真听。

I also listen to the tape, and speak English with my clas *** ates in the classroom and on the playground. It's to improve my listening and speaking.

我也听磁带，并且在教室里、操场上和同学讲英语，这样提高了我的听力和口语。

I keep a diary every day to practise my written English.

我每天坚持记日记以练习我的写作。

Besides this, I often read English newspapers and magazines to enrich my knowledge on English culture.

除此之外，我经常阅读英语报纸和杂志，以扩大我的英语文化知识。

We will learn English well so long as we learn it hard.

只要我们用心去学，我们会学好英语的。

I Learn English Like This

我是这样学习英语的

English is very important for us. Everyone wants to learn it well.My English is very good. How do I learn English?

英语对我们来说很重要，每个人都想学好英语。我的英语很好，那我是怎么学英语的呢？

First, I listen to the teacher and make notes carefully in class. I revise my old lessons and prepare my new lessons after class.

首先，我上课认真听老师讲课，认真记笔记，课下我复习旧功课，预习新功课。

Second, I like speaking English with my clas *** ates, not only in classroom, but also on the playground. It's to improve my spoken English.

第二，我不仅在教室里，在操场上也一样喜欢和同学们说英语，这提高了我的口语。

Third, I keep a diary every day to practise my written English.

第三，我坚持每天记日记来练习写作。

Besides this, I often read English newspapers or magazines in order to enrich my knowledge on English culture.

除此之外，我经常阅读英语报纸和杂志来丰富我的文化知识。

It is a question about public morality.

It describes an old woman carried with a basket full of vegetables

and a heavy bag on her back ,other o people stand beside her and said if Leifeng is still alive ,she won't be so tired , but they didn't help her , what they do just stand there and look at her .

It reflects a phenomenon that in modern times people are very selfish .they only care for their own business but don't care others

Bues are always crowded in rush hours.Students and office workers go to work or go back homeat that time.There are often full of people and one can hard to get a seat. And so does today.A mother with a kid is in the bus.An old *** offer a seat for her. But the young ignore her. As the youths,I think it's necessary for us to offer seats for those who really need them,such as expectant mothers,disabled people ,old people and so on. First, it's the behavior of good manners.You are polite enough if you do so.Second,it's the need of social morality. However,if you can't achieve this, you are probably a definit person.And as a result,you can't be trust in the social activities. So,let's build a good social order from offering a seats,just from you and me.或者In a bus, a young man was sitting the special seat for the old and the illness, he refused to give his seat but a child gave his seat to an old man. I'm happy for the child because i see love in him but i'm sad about the young man, he 's so cruel and have a cold heart. People need to love each other, has he ever thought that he would also bee old? has he ever imagined what would happen how he would feel when he's standing in a running bus around the young people at his 80s？望采纳~。

when i see this photoi always remember XXX（时间，人物之类的）.

in a summer（随便，时间也好，地点也好。），i have went to XXX with XXX（亲戚，朋友，同学都可以）.we have meet a man we don't know. he/she's name is XXXX,he/she was live in this city.he/she is a good boy/girl. because 。。。。。..（事件，自己想。没有的话，随便编一个。）

just a few day later i need e back my home because it's time to back school.i don't want leave him, but i know i must.start that summer we didn't meet any more.but we have talking on inter and telephone. that is not a very bad thing isn't?

if you can give me more baidu xuansangfen i will be happy. thank you. if you can ,i don't mind you give me more than 100 xuanshangfen. hehe。i'm joking see you. bye ,have a nice weekend.

i am a happy girl ,i love to help people and i like getting more friends in my life cause i think people should be nice to everybody and a true friend is important. i am intreseted in reading ,since reading can make man clever.and i hope i can have a dog or cat or anything about pet ,in my point ,pet can be friends too.For the future life ,i guess i will go to shanghai to get a job such as a reporter so that i can write something to show my thoughts,oh ,as well as i love shanghai ,it is so beautiful city which also have a diffrent language,it is hard to understang but have a traditional taste.i support i must get enough money if i can live in shanghai ,so i defentintly will have a travel to New York if i have more money ,no special reason just i wanted to go there to see when i was a little girl ,maybe the TV show infect me,I dont know,i just want to see whether it is the same as i image."maybe have some spell false ,take care and modify that "。

A girl asked the boy what works he has most to do .At this moment,the daog named snoopy replied "You stay home now and be a good dog"According to this photo,it indicates that the students are supposed to stay home to study rather than do something creative.This phenomenon shows what makes children less creative.Therefore,it is of importance for the parents and educators to change the way to teach and lead children.As is known to all,it is the creation that improves students mind .Drown under the textbooks,students can never broden their mind.Knowledge is covered every area such as activities,travelling,petetion and so on.To conclude,it is time to change the way to educate students.

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